Addiction Drugs And Alcohol - 1001 Words

Addiction in Many Forms Addiction is awfully commonly associated with drugs and alcohol. Addiction is not only related to drugs or alcohol, but it is also tied with things and activities. Addiction to drugs or alcohol are quite similar yet slightly different to addictions to activities and other things. Addiction to drugs and alcohol over time leads to a buildup of tolerance, causing the user to need more of what they are addicted to in order to experience the same or more of an effect than they once needed to attain the same effect. They take drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms. Addicts start putting people close to you at risk and jeopardizing your social life just for a little more of what you are addicted to. Addiction to an†¦show more content†¦Sheff said, â€Å"Nic has been gone for six days, and my desperation has built to a frenzy. I have never experienced grief congeneric to this. I spend frantic hours on the internet reading harrowing stories of children on drugs.† (Sheff 117). Sheff shows he spent an excessive amount of time worrying for his son, thinking about him and researching what he is likely experiencing. this could relate to the withdrawal from a drug from an addict. The drug is Nic, and without Nic, David panics. Sheff spends every waking minute thinking about Nic similarly to how Nic spends his time thinking about his next high. Sheff loses much of his life to his son s addiction. David is in constant fear that his son may start using again, or even die. When Sheff thinks he is over the fact that his son is addicted to meth, he quickly realizes he will never truly be over it. Sheff writes about a moment where he thinks he is content with the fact that he could be cut off from his son, Nic, â€Å"Nic used to send me into a panic, but now - today, at least, today at this moment, at least - I am alright with the concept. But then I think, Nic could die†¦ I would miss all of it. I miss it now.† (Sheff 268 - 269). Sheff emphasizes that no matter how much he tries, he will always depend on Nic’s safety and well being for his own happiness. Even as David s uttermost peaceful moment through his son s addiction to meth, he still misses and cares for him, breaking down and

My Initial Goal For A Interview Project - 961 Words

My initial goal for this interview project was to discover if growing up in the 1960’s was shockingly different than growing up in the 2000’s. However, based on the responses I received describing aspects of their childhood, my two interviewees with a 40 year age gap sounded surprisingly similar. My 10 questions were arranged in a somewhat chronological order, first asking the interviewee to describe their first childhood best friend, then inquiring if they could recall at what age themselves or their peers started participating in mature, adolescent activities. My interviews were conducted over the phone with two women whom I could not imagine my life without. My first interview was with my childhood best friend, now 19-years-old, whom I met at eight-years-old after I moved to Haines from Fairbanks, Alaska. To this day, we have remained best friends. Due to that, our interview required an extent of additional effort to conduct it seriously. However, we managed to cover everything in 10 minutes. My second interview was with my father’s ex-girlfriend, now 61-years-old, who I have the utmost appreciation for. She has only been in my life since 2014, but considering she was a large part of my 18th birthday, senior prom, and high school graduation, I could never not consider her a member of my family. She was more direct in her responses, so our interview lasted only 5 minutes. My best friend *Zoey gave lengthy, humorous responses to my questions. I attempted to remain asShow MoreRelatedCore Java And The Software Industry987 Words   |  4 Pageslearning process is completed in the previous iterations, this iteration is meant for achieving the ultimate goal of the researcher. The goal is to secure Java developer position in the industry. Towards this end, the researcher will involve in activities such as preparing resume to reflect his skills, to upload resume into job portals, to receive mails from prospective employers, attending interviews, and securing his dream job in the software industry. Plan The aim of this iteration is to achieve JavaRead MoreA Interview With Florence s Case1011 Words   |  5 PagesBefore meeting with Florence, I will prepare for our initial interview by collecting and reviewing all the information about Florence’s case. During our first meeting, I need to help Florence feel as comfortable as possible. I need to structure the interactional framework from the framework of the client; I will start where she is. I will be attentive and receptive to her feelings, and demonstrate a real desire to help. I will allow Florence to share her perceptions of the problem. I will explainRead MoreThe Economic And Cultural Benefits Of Multigenerational Households1517 Words   |  7 Pages The goal of this action research project is to contrast and compare the economic and cultural benefits of multigenerational households in the Midwest of USA since the economic downturn. This research will focus on multigenerational households of families attending the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) Belleville Head Start Center . The families at this particular Head Start are diverse, young parents with low income and other factors that fit the criteria for this project. TheRead MoreData Catalog For Enterprise Geodatabase1008 Words   |  5 PagesSpatial information is usable when it has metadata, as it is straightforward to follow and find datasets. GIS data catalog for Enterprise Geodatabase is a project which allows acquiring information regarding the availability of GIS datasets and related properties such as quality, description, the point of contact, extent, etc. The audience for the project are the internal customers looking for data. Managing spatial metadata records are critical for maintaining an organization s investment in spatialRead MoreService Request Sr-Rm-022, Part 1 Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesan HR system to support the objective of this request. The objective is to create a detailed system design and a project implementation plan required to complete the project. The project should be completed in approximately six months, so the new system can be utilized in the second quarter of next year (Apollo Group, Inc. 2011). Smith Services Consulting Inc. has contracted my services as a systems analysis to analyze the HR system at Riordan Manufacturing. The business needs and currentRead MoreAn Ethical Business Of An Organization Exporting Textiles From A Developing Country?1557 Words   |  7 Pagesa developing country? The Research Question and Outcome The initial idea of creating a business originated during travel in Sri Lanka. After seeing the poverty and need of many workers who could barely support themselves or their families, I decided to investigate options to help in some way. Through my travels and observations, I realized the lack of ethical working conditions and pay. After considering the topic of my research project, I decided to investigate the best manner to set up an ethicalRead MoreThe Research Outcome Is Dependent On Careful Selection Of The Participants1336 Words   |  6 Pagesdata. The research outcome is dependent on careful selection of the participants for the research. In theory the more participants a research project has, the better the researchers understanding of the experience should be Likewise the demographics of the participants are also important to understanding the nature of the data (Bond, 2011). However, for my research I chose to select one person who immigrated to the United States from a nother country at least after the age of 18 and is willing toRead MoreImportance Of Its Pathways Intermissions Program1630 Words   |  7 PagesAfter a rigorous process that involved. a series of applications and interviews, I was selected to participate in the ITS Pathways internship program at Hospital Corporation of America Healthcare. It is â€Å"one of the first hospital companies in the United States†, which was founded by Dr. Thomas Frist, Jr. and Jack Massey in 1968, who had a vision of creating a company that would work closely with its local physicians, nurses and other business associates to incorporate innovative business practicesRead MoreBuilding A Sustainable Future For The People Of Ghana Through Community Based Health And Education Projects1615 Words   |  7 PagesFrom this initial partnership grew an organization that, according to their literature, seeks to assist in building a sustainable future for the people of Ghana through community-based health an d education projects. The organization’s Western leadership indicate that this approach followed from a community assessment whereby a collaborative partnership of Local opinion leaders (e.g. school headmasters, church leadership, political figures) and a group of medical, social work, and law students fromRead MoreThe Positive Effects of Friends and Family on Health Behaviors, A Research Section1153 Words   |  5 Pages(2008) quantified the potential combined impact of four health behaviors in a particular community to yield a 4-fold difference on mortality in the men and women. Study Goals and Objectives Study Goal: The goals of these research is to explain and predict the positive effects of social ties on health behavior. Study Objectives: My aim is to highlight the potentially positive impact of family and friendships on health outcome and predict the implications of these effects for future health promotion

Changes and Develops Essay Example For Students

Changes and Develops Essay After washing away her sins Sheila walks towards the light as if she is walking into a new life where she has no secrets. The rain and light symbolise purity and change in Sheila, the rain represents her rebirth, new life from now on and her body language is open. In Act Three when the Birling family realise the Inspector was a fake mr Birling and Mrs Birling drown out Sheilas voice with their happiness, as the parents start to build their Capitalist lives back together Sheila and Eric stand outside the house symbolising that they dont want to live their lives how they did before the Inspector came. Sheila has changed and developed and is now a Socialist. Throughout the play Sheila Birling changed and developed. In Act One she was materialistic and could not stand up for herself, however in Act Two and Three she sees a different light and realises that she was a bad Capitalist and needed to change for the better. I think she has mainly changed because of the Inspector, if he had not of visited the family she would have still been selfish and a strong Capitalist who depended on her mother for approval. I believe that the point Priestly was trying to make was that people needed to be more caring about their community and the people in it. Priestley uses the character of the Inspector to convey his own thoughts, feelings and opinions about social issues. However, he also uses other characters, particularly Mr. Birling, to show the audience how cynical some people can be. J. B Priestly believed a great deal in Socialism. I think that Priestley set this play in 1912 for a reason. Arthur Birling is a rich businessman who thinks very highly of himself, even though he is often wrong. Arthurs family respect him and listen intently to his ideas that there isnt a chance of war and the Titanic is unsinkable. As the play was written in 1947 and set in 1912, this is an example of dramatic irony and the audience would know that Arthur was very wrong in his opinions and might even think him to be stupid. When he says the way some of these cranks talk and write now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else, he explicitly says that he is a strong Capitalist and is narrow minded. Priestley wanted the audience to have a low opinion of Birling because he was discouraging at Capitalist politics and trying to show people like Mr Birling to be in the wrong. I feel Priestly wanted to teach the audience community and socialism is always a better way of living than being a capitalist.

Planning History Utopian Planners

Introduction Urban planning has evolved into different forms throughout the history of cities and city planning. Urban planning aims at improving a city to cater for the future social and economic needs of its inhabitants. It seeks to link the existing knowledge with the appropriate forms of action (Sager 1992, P. 67). Planning, therefore, has to be visionary with an appropriate idea about the future design of a city and the implementation of that design.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning History: Utopian Planners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern urban planning entails two different approaches; visionary city planning that involves radical changes in the design of the city with substantial social and economic changes, and the institutionalized city planning, which proposes changes to the existing city structures and is affected by the prevailing economic and political forces within the city. Histori cally, urban city planning began in the nineteenth century with the sole purpose to regulate the new urban growth brought about by industrialization and improvement of transport and communication following the invention of the railway (Sitte 1965, P. 43). Military strategies to control territories and aesthetics of expression of cities significantly influenced visionary urban planning in the nineteenth century. Although visionary city planning made many achievements in city building, many of which are still monumental and beautiful today, it remained insensitive to the wider needs of the society and would have been disastrous if implemented on a large scale.  The poor living conditions of the urban poor, forced most middle class urban dwellers towards the end of the nineteenth century to begin agitating for reforms in city planning, which culminated into utopian planning (Cherry 1970, P. 87). Central to this movement was Ebenezer Howard, who conceptualized the ‘garden cityâ €™ to be the ideal alternative to the city planning of the nineteenth century. The garden city was an attempt to connect the vision for a new social order to the spatial expression of the city (Fisherman 1977, P. 23). Le Corbusier conceptualized the â€Å"Contemporary City for Three Million People† in 1922 and the â€Å"Radiant City† in 1935 both of which proposed a centralized city with high population and many facilities including skyscraper buildings and residential apartments (Cherry 1970, p. 89). Frank Lloyd Wright on the other hand, envisioned the Broadacre City plan in 1935, which was a decentralized city with low population and suburban residential homes (Mumford 1946, p. 42). Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City The garden city was a brilliant idea conceived by Ebenezer Howard in response to the environmental and social changes that were results of industrial revolution in Britain. Industrial revolution encouraged migration into urban areas and consequently led to poor and unhealthy living conditions in cities.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a bid to curb overpopulation in cities and the associated deterioration of social facilities, Howard envisioned an organized planned dispersal, whereby people could set up industries in towns to provide the services and various occupations to the people of a particular culture within the town (Gossel Leuthauser 1991, p.94). He also envisioned that the population size in the towns be reduced to about 30,000 inhabitants so that the inhabitants could live and work within walking distance. In this way, the garden cities could provide social facilities near the residential places and avoid overpopulation in cities. The garden cities also comprised of a spacious layout to for occupation by residential suburban houses, parking space for the residents and enough space for schools and other social amenities.  The garden city envisioned the larger urban system as a network of interlinked communities. It proposed a close link between the town and the countryside with a clear definition of the country, which the design would reserve for agriculture. It also provided for easy access by the urban residents to the countryside (Hall Ward 1998, p.71). It also envisioned the creation of common developmental and social facilities that would lead to neighborhoods and estates within cities. To control the city development, Howard envisioned a unified land ownership, whereby the trust ownership controlled the agricultural zone. He also envisioned a cooperative municipal enterprise, which would regulate trade and industry in the cities without affecting the individual freedom with regard to trade and industry. The main major purpose of the garden cities was to promote dispersal of the people from major cities using the three magnets concept. The garden city provided a channel for an or ganized relocation of the city dwellers to other towns to relieve the pressure on social facilities and the impacts of overpopulation in the major cities in the nineteenth century (Hall Ward 1998, p.81). However, dispersal could have happened in any case because of majority of the urban dwellers avoiding the problems of overpopulation could have sought a better environment either in the suburbs or in smaller towns away from the cities (Fishman1977, p.153). Still, the garden city was an ideal alternative to reducing congestion in the cities. The cities of the nineteenth century experienced traffic congestion and provided little room for expansion. In contrast, the planned new towns provided an opportunity to avoid problems of overpopulation by providing the right infrastructure to match the expanding population growth in the major cities.  Despite Howard’s garden city concept providing an opportunity to reduce urban congestion by promoting decentralization of industries and facilities, its implementation could have been disastrous.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning History: Utopian Planners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Howard, the social city concept entailed one garden city giving rise to another garden city after attaining a population threshold of 30,000 inhabitants (Howard 1902, p.14). However, this would have produced a cluster of interdependent towns that would be expensive to administer. Verma (1996) points out that despite the noble nature of the garden city concept, the many new regional centres would have been economically expensive to administer as opposed to a small number of large centres (p.43). Fundamental to the concept of the garden city was the neighbourhood idea, where the people would live within walking distance to their workplaces, shops, primary schools and public spaces. The idea behind this concept was the need to establish some kin d of balance between work and homes. However, Howard based this concept on the belief that the population growth would match industrial expansion to cut down the level of commuting back and forth the workplaces. The concept would not have worked; firstly, given that industrial growth leads to population increase due to attraction of immigrant workers into cities, establishment of smaller towns would not have encouraged outward labour mobility since many people worked in the industrialized cities (Cherry 1970, p.61). Secondly, the workers in the new towns would have been still dependent on the employers in the major cities and thus would continue working in the major cities. Under the garden city concept, people from all social classes were to move to the smaller towns including the employers. This would be possible through provision of various incentives to employers, thereby attracting them to invest in the small towns. Such incentives included already built factories on lease amon g others (Fishman 1977, p.154). However, given that, the cost of operating a new franchise is high few employers could have relocated their businesses to the smaller towns. In addition, relocation of large factories would have exerted unprecedented pressure on infrastructural facilities further affecting transport and communication. Howard envisioned that the establishment of the garden city would encourage people to move into the city and as a result, the population would steadily rise to maximum of 30,000 inhabitants, after which another city would arise (Fishman1977, p.321). In addition, Howard envisioned that the establishment of the garden city would result into a rise in land value, which would generate enough money to pay off the investors and finance schools, parks, museums and other public places. However, Howard failed to note that for the land value to rise, productivity in the garden city had also to be high (Sager 1992, p.73). Obviously, rise in land values alone would not achieve productivity of the garden city; it also required increase in productivity of the enterprises and factories established in the garden cities. In this regard, investors could only benefit if there was a rise in productivity of their enterprises rather than on rise in land value.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Surplus productivity in the garden city would encourage capital and labour flows into the garden city, which would create more congestion in the garden city than anywhere else would.  The physical realization of Howard’s garden city was in the construction of the city of Letchworth guided by architects, Raymond Urwin and Barry Parker. The design of the residential homes of this garden city was attractive but it took longer than Howard had anticipated for the city to attract people (Glasscock 1996, p.24). After 35 years of Letchworth’s establishment, it had only 15,000 inhabitants compared to the population of 30,000 anticipated. In addition, most workers could not afford houses in the garden city with some opting to commute from other towns while others opted for cheap informal settlements set up by speculators. The envisioned idea of the garden city did not match the Letchworth city in terms of architecture and social life. Frank Lloyd Wright’s and the Broada cre City Broadacre City was Frank Lloyd Wright’s concept for the ideal multi-cantered, low density, suburbs. The utopian planner introduced this scheme with an aim of decongesting cities in 1932 in his book, The Disappearing City. In terms of population density, Broadacre city, catered for a low population with a density of five people per acre. The scheme aimed at reducing congestion in cities to avoid development of informal settlement. In contrast to Ebenezer’s garden city, which involved turning the city into a suburban countryside, the Broadacre city converted the countryside into a city (Rybczynski 2005, p. 17). The spread of the Broadacre city would constitute an urban where each family had access to small farms and recreational sites with industrial and other urban facilities placed a few miles from the residential places. The Broadacre city plan embodied economic reforms based on Wright’s model of democracy, which he described as Usonia. The Usonia was against Marxist’s socialism ideology and Wright derived it from the ideas of the nineteenth century utopians like Edward Bellamy and Thorstein Veblen. The Wright’s plan allowed the families to own homes and relieved them from property owners. Wright assumed that the land use would be the responsibility of the owners (Rybczynski 2005, p.132). Under Wright’s plan, the land would be public and then redistributed to the private owners including families, who would use the land productively. Therefore, the Usonia concept opposed cooperation but encouraged individualism whereby it encouraged private ownership of land. The Broadacre city offered an opportunity to ordinary people to live in countryside lifestyle while enjoying the economic opportunities and recreations associated with urban centres.  Wright’s plan envisioned that the residential houses adopt any design the owners preferred with no two houses built the same so long as the structures, the constru ction method and the materials used in the construction were integral and natural. A central civil authority would have the responsibility of determining what is natural and integral to the place. The plan envisioned an â€Å"a sprawling, open, individualistic structure† where families would live in suburbs surrounding urban centres (Duany, Zyberk, Speck 1992, p. 54). Wright realized that in his plan physically separate the communities. The plan brought communities of interest together through communication and transportation and the process would replace the physical communities of a place. However, Mumford criticised the plan’s suggestion of establishing an individualistic structure by referring to it as being antisocial that would affect the decongestion of the cities. It is evident that Wright’s plan would have turned out to be disastrous if implemented. The suburbia would not match Broadacre City’s low densities, which Wright envisioned would become suburbs. Under the Broadacre plan, the buildings were concentrated in the city centre, where offices and industries were located. This would have contributed to congestion within the city, as more activities were concentrated there (Duany, Zyberk, Speck 1992, p.231). Wright’s Broadacre city intended to reduce congestion from the city centre; however, concentration and dispersal are a common occurrence in cities. In addition, Wright assumed that the rise in land value would promote economic development and improvement in the standards of living. However, land alone cannot contribute to economic prosperity particularly in cities (Rybczynski 2005, p. 42). Economic prosperity in cities allows more people to own land and homes hence his assumption that increase in land value would lead to dispersal could have turned out to be incorrect as more people could afford land leading to concentration. Wright never envisioned the suburban homes to be sites of wealth production in the fut ure. Nowadays, suburban homesteads can be used to generate income through crop farming and livestock rearing, which can support families living within city suburbs.  Broadacre plan was not fully implemented as Wright had envisioned. Nowadays, the city suburbs do not match what Wright had envisioned in his Broadacre city plan (Hall, Ward 1998, p. 75). This indicates an appropriate judgment considering that the rationale behind Broadacre City was Wright’s program of social reform. In essence, the substance of Broadacre City was aesthetic and to curb the problems occasioned by overpopulation (Ritzdorf 1996, p. 212). Wright envisioned a system of governance in Broadacre city that promoted architecture and aesthetics with regard to particular culture rather than on physical city construction laws. Wright did not seek to protect nature but rather he proposed the establishment of homes in the countryside (Muschamp 2001, p. 67). This would have affected nature and wildlife. Wright defended his plan by suggesting that establishment of the city within the country side would not affect nature but would contribute to improved quality of the building and the city. However, establishment of human settlements in countryside forests would have adversely affected the wildlife. In addition, the Broadacre city plan cannot be a conventional architectural design for all cities because of its emphasis on aesthetics but rather a plan designed to redeem a particular city from the challenges of high population by promoting dispersal. Nevertheless, Wright’s plan would have found a role in the modern urban planning, which increased demand for aesthetics as its central aspect characterizes (Duany, Zyberk, Speck 1992, p. 27). Most people demand public action to prevent acquisition of public places as part of aesthetics. In this regard, people feel that aesthetics, as enshrined in Wright’s plan, are both a public and private affair and building homes away from the city center is a common phenomenon nowadays. LeCorbusier and the Radiant city LeCorbusier’s Radiant city concept arose out of a new concept of expanding the individual freedoms and establishing a capitalist economy. The plan involved clearance of the existing prehistoric cities followed by the rebuilding of a modern city using modern architectural designs (Le Corbusier 1967, p. 41). Under this plan, quality housing, les unites, would be available to everyone based on the size of each family. He envisioned a city with buildings five meters above the ground and therefore ensuring allocation of more land to nature. Within the les unites, would be pedestrian streets linking buildings together (Richards 2003, p.114). Le Corbusier suggests that the center of the radiant city would mainly composed of commercial buildings mainly skyscrapers (about 5%) while the surrounding area (95%) would be occupied by trees and parks. Residential buildings taking a zigzag shape would surround the city center. The residential buildings would house catering and accommodation services. In essence, Le Corbusier based his plan on the belief that modern age architecture should be suitable and expressive of modernism. In the Radiant city design, he employed architectural skills and picture designs to develop his idea of the city as opposed to a rational basis (Etlin 1994, p. 72). Le Corbusier, unlike Howard, did not belief in the natural economic order but believed that leadership within the society was important (Serenyi 1975, 82). In his plan of the radiant city, Le Corbusier envisioned a pyramid of hierarchies with the workers occupying the bottom position so that the order would prevail in the society (Fisherman 1977, p. 211). The leadership would occupy the top position in his plan of the radiant city for easy administrative control of the workers. Le Corbusier envisioned social lifestyle of the citizens of the radiant city. He saw that division of labor within the society wou ld promote unity and cooperation, which is necessary to promote economic growth (Fisherman 1977, p. 65). Unlike his first design of the Contemporary city of three million people, where he designed the residential buildings according to economic classes arranged around the business center of the city, he designed the Radiant city for all people with less regard to the economic classes (Le Corbusier1967, p. 87). The les unites accommodated every member of the society regardless of his/her economic status and promoted cooperation and equality (Fisherman1977, p. 41). Additionally, Le Corbusier integrated nature into the residential areas by allocating less land to residential housing and the rest to nature.  Despite Le Corbusier design of the Radiant city providing a way of promoting equality and individual freedoms, the plan raised many concerns. Kennedy (1998, p. 53) believed that Le Corbusier individual freedom that were promoted by the Radiant city design were not personal liberti es since Le Corbusier did not consult the citizens for whom he was planning for (Curtis1986, p. 112). His design of the facilities, services, and rules were more favorable to him rather than to the other citizens reducing the citizens into mere performers with no say in issues affecting their social life (Verma 1996, p. 72). Moreover, under the Radiant city plan, individuals had no say in the administration or governance issues affecting their lives and the plan expected them to act rationally all the time with antisocial behavior not conceived in his plan (Kennedy 1998, p.54). In this respect, the plan did not cater for social problems such as crime in the society. In addition, the plan did not address the needs of minority members of the society but rather considered that all citizens were equal. However, it was highly unlikely that all the people would behave rationally with no criminal or social problems taking place within the radiant city. In this regard, Le Corbusier assumpti on that humans would behave rationally with no crime or any social problems occurring was rather naà ¯ve than real (Kennedy 1998, p. 63). In the radiant city, Le Corbusier notion of authority was rather bureaucratic and patriarchal than administrative (Sennett 1980, p. 74). The plan, less grand unities, reserved for the administration the top part of the residential houses consisting of multi-storey buildings and skyscrapers, which represented a paternalistic authority (Kennedy, 1998). In addition, Hawkins (1997) while supporting the radiant city design concept as a way of providing housing for the masses in the wake of unprecedented population growth occasioned by industrial revolution argues that the design would have ultimately led to congestion in future (, p. 82). Conclusion The theories of Howard, Wright, and Le Corbusier were remarkable providing an alternative to the architectural designs of the nineteenth century urban planning. In addition, they offered solutions to the s ocial problems experienced in the nineteenth century cities and promoted quality of living for the citizens. However, the plans failed to address all the social aspects affecting the nineteenth century cities and consequently their implementation would have produced disastrous results. Despite the plans having a visionary view of connecting humans with nature, they failed to address issues related to human history and the future population growth needs. Reference List Cherry, G., 1970. Town Planning in the Social Context. London: Leonard Hill Curtis, W., 1986. Le Corbusier: Ideas and Forms. New York: Rizzoli International  Publications. Duany, A., Zyberk, E., Speck, J., 1992. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the  Decline of the American Dream. New York: Routledge Etlin, R., 1994. Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier: The Romantic Legacy.  New York: Manchester University Press Fishman, R., 1977. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT  Press.  Glasscock, R., 1996. Ebenezer Howard: 1850-1928 and the Garden  City. Advanced journal in Policy Studies: Sustainable Urban Design, 15(7). pp. 126-142. Gossel, P., Leuthauser, G., 1991. Architecture in the Twentieth Century,  Berlin: Benedikt Taschen Hall, P., Ward, C., 1998. Sociable Cities: The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard John. New  York: Wiley Sons. Howard, E., 1902. Garden Cities of To-morrow. London: Routledge. Kennedy, R., 1998. Le Corbusier and the Radiant City Contra: True Urbanity  and the Earth. Advanced journal in Policy Studies: Sustainable Urban Design, 15(7), pp. 221-223 Le Corbusier., 1967. The Radiant City. New York: The Orion Press  Mumford, L., 1946. Green-Belt Cities: The British Contribution. London: Faber and  Faber Muschamp, H., 2001. File Under Architecture. New York: MIT Press Richards, S., 2003. Le Corbusier and the Concept of Self New Haven  London: Yale University Press. Ritzdorf, M., 1996. Feminist Thoughts on the Theory and Practice of P lanning.  Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Rybczynski, W., 2005. City Life. New York. Blackwell publishers Sager, T., 1992. Why Plan? A Multi-Rationality Foundation for Planning. Scandinavian  Housing Planning Research, 9, pp. 129-147 Sennett, R., 1980. Authority. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.  Hall Publishers. Serenyi, P., 1975. Le Corbusier in Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall  Publishers. Sitte, C., 1965. City Planning According to its Artistic Principles. New York: Random  House Verma, N., 1996. Pragmatic Rationality and Planning Theory. Journal of Planning  Education and Research, 16 (1), pp. 5-14 This essay on Planning History: Utopian Planners was written and submitted by user Coen Sweet to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Scoopes monkey trial essays

Scoopes monkey trial essays The twenties had many vogue and unsteady changes. Such as The Scopes Monkey Trial had a big social, judicial and religious effects on Americans living during the twenties. During the Twenties, the Scopes Trial had a radical social effect on Americans. The trial had been moved to the courthouse lawn to accommodate the crowds. Over two hundred national reporters and more than three thousand spectators came to the town of Dayton, Tennessee to see the trial of the state of Tennessee versus Scopes.This huge audience shows that some people realized the importance of the final sentence.The trial marked the displacement of religious faith and rural values by scientific skepicism and cosmopolism as a dominant strain in American thoughts. The trial soon became between traditionalists and evolutionists, which showed the dispute in the public opinion. The Scopes Trial influences the new existing fight between religion and tradition. Also between evolution and progress. The trial Tennessee versus John Scopes caused enormous changes in the 1920s. In attendance announcers were ready to send to the listeners the first live-radio broadcast from a trial. The presence of the reporters shows the public was interested, an interest, which demanded a new kind of news. The trial itself was a bunch of conflicts, the most obvious one was evolution against religion. The courtroom was full of members of both groups. The persecutor was a strongly religious man while the defense attorney a atheist. The United States Supreme Court put the issue to rest in 1968, when it had a similar statue in Arkansas unconstitutionaly, because it violated the separation of church and state,thats part of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. This fact is evidence that the trial was unnecessary because the Butler Act, which forbid all teachings that denied the creation of mankind thats stated in the Bible, was illegal. The expectations of the fi...

Sir Clement Freud, 24 April 1924 15 April 2009 - Emphasis

Sir Clement Freud, 24 April 1924 15 April 2009 Sir Clement Freud, 24 April 1924 15 April 2009 Writer, broadcaster, politician and chef: Clement Freud never ran short of ways to fill his time. This was true until the very end. He died at his desk yesterday. The grandson of Sigmund sometimes a cigar is just a cigar Freud, he first appeared in the public eye on adverts for Minced Morsels dog food, with his co-star and lookalike Henry the bloodhound. A varied career followed, from newspaper columns to the Houses of Parliament, but he is best remembered for his wonderfully dry wordplay. This quote sums up his humour and a way to laugh at our current situation perfectly: Theres not much doubt but we are in a period of great inflation. As the farmer said to me the other day, Apples are going up, to which I replied, This would come as a severe blow to Sir Isaac Newton.' Theres no doubt that his loss will be felt for much longer than just a minute.

Racial Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Racial Identity - Essay Example They impose upon individuals certain obligations and expectations dictated entirely by one’s sex. As a result, how men and women experience the world will differ accordingly. And it is precisely this â€Å"experience of the world† that shapes our identities, both as individuals and as members of groups that we strongly identify with. Ultimately, our shared experience with others molds our identity as an individual. The bifurcated experience of males and females living in antagonistic cultural circumstances provides a crucial factor, sociologically and psychologically, in the development of personal identities. Two short works by Zora Neale Hurston and Brent Staples each illustrate the unique factors that go into the construction of identity, which is largely contingent upon one’s sex. The creation of one’s social and personal identity is not something which happens in one event or experiment. It is a process of layering: the taking of particular experiences and building the edifice from those conditional factors. The gender roles that a society assigns apply to all people, independently of race, sex, gender, sexual orientation, and so on. For this reason, we might say that one’s sex comes first in determining how a person sees himself or herself in the context of the group or society. One’s racial identity thus comes conditioned by this gender role, which is often established even before the time a child first encounters any kind of racial distinction. By recognizing the fundamentality of the sexual identity, we recognize that racial identity can be bifurcated by that gender divide between man and woman. This ultimately determines how and by what process the individual assimilates his or her place in a particular racial group into a personal identity. A personal identity is the filter through which we interpret the content of our experience, and a bifurcation in one’s ability to see and interpret the world will inevitably create a

Alexander Hamilton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alexander Hamilton - Research Paper Example III. Education and Work An introduction and analysis of the education and work of Alexander Hamilton is taken up in this section. VI. Influence on the U.S. Alexander Hamilton’s crucial role in and influence on the U.S. is revealed through the analysis in this section. V. Conclusion Apart from concluding the paper in general, this section gives a significant hint about why he was forgotten in the history of America. It also gives details about the historical importance of the role played by Alexander Hamilton. Alexander Hamilton I. Introduction Alexander Hamilton (1755  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ1804), the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, was born a British subject in the British West Indies and he served as lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp to George Washington in the Revolutionary army. His crucial role as a Founding Father of the nation, economist, political philosopher, and most importantly the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury confirms his vital contributions to shaping of the republic. A detailed examination of his life and works will essentially draw out how tirelessly and earnestly he fought for the freedom and shaping of the republic in the U.S. ... 1). However, Hamilton’s image in the memory of the American public remains highly overcast and indistinctly negative, due various reasons. In spite of the achievements and contributions he made throughout his life, Hamilton has never been able to capture the hearts of the Americans like other founding members of the republic and he remains as a forgotten founder and statesman of the United States of America. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the life and work of Alexander Hamilton in order to make known the crucial role of this Founding Father of the nation in the shaping of the republic in the U.S. II. Early Life: A. Family As aforementioned, Alexander Hamilton was born in 1755 in the British West Indies, in the remote Leeward Island of Nevis, as the son of James Hamilton, a Scottish merchant of St. Christopher, and Rachael Fawcette Levine, of French Huguenot descent. One of the fundamental factors about the early life of Hamilton is that his birth itself brought c ontroversies as he was born illegitimate under the Danish law. His mother had married a Danish proprietor at her young age and she became ineligible for remarriage when she was granted her divorce from this marriage, under the Danish law. Therefore, Alexander Hamilton was born out of wedlock to his father and mother and the records of his early life are scanty. Similarly, there are debates about the exact year of his birth, whether it was 1757 or 1755. It is also notable that Alexander and his brother James were not eligible for public education due to the illegitimacy of their birth, although Alexander was sent to a Hebrew school for early education. In the year 1768, when he was just eleven years of age, Alexander lost his mother who died of fever. â€Å"Business failures

Pros and Cons of Social Network Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of Social Network Essay According to Tynan (2005, p. 72), 70% of online users are concerned about their online privacy. Many users of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter complain about how these sites do not have the appropriate settings to prevent online threats such as identity theft and the invasion of privacy. They believe that it is the responsibility of social networking sites to safeguard users’ privacy. However, users often forget how willing they are when it comes to revealing intimate details and information of their lives on these sites. This willingness to give out their personal information invites the online privacy ‘troubles’ that users often complain about. With all these information exposed to hackers, identity thieves are given a green light to tap into users’ database when users decide to reveal their information online. Thus, we can say that the users of social networking sites are the biggest threat to their own online privacy and cases of identity thefts. There are three main reasons why people choose to reveal their personal information on social networking sites. Firstly, people use social networking sites to connect, and to do so, they have to reveal personal information about themselves. As Andrews, L. (2011, p. 2) has said, â€Å"Social networking has enormous benefits, helping us stay in touch with people from our pasts and introducing us to people who share our interests. † These information includes their name, age, city they are staying in, company or school they belong to and etc. The information they provide will help long-lost friends connect with them, help them make new friends with common interests and perhaps even help them find a love interest. Another reason why people choose to reveal information about themselves is to create identity. This ‘identity’ is like the information sheet of how the user is like. Users might even want to post their every thought and actions even places they have been to, it becomes a part of their life to log on to social networking sites and post their current status (Andrews, 2011). Writing about the groups and activities a person is involved in for example, tells friends and people around him what are his interests and helps people to understand him better. Lastly, people reveal personal information to gain access to certain websites. These include gaming sites and articles provided by social networking websites, and they often request for the user’s personal information. Users might find it worth it to reveal their information in order to enjoy the entertainment provided by these sites. Thus, they might decide that since their information will be kept confidential, it is safe to provide their personal details without a second thought. It is understood that people choose to reveal their personal information online in exchange for the benefits of using social networking sites. However, they might want to think twice after hearing what dangers they are putting themselves in. Users should be aware of how they are putting their Internet privacy at risk when they reveal personal information about themselves; there are three major threats that users should be wary of. First of all, there is there is the threat of cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is a serious problem among teenagers and it might cause mental illnesses such as depression to the victim. It can happen when a bully gets hold of the content a user posted on the Internet. Unlike normal bullying, where the victim can escape home to safety, the victim can get bullied even at home as it happens on the Internet. The bully can even get hold of the victim’s home address or phone number if the victim had posted it online. One of the most famous cases of online bullying is the â€Å"Star Wars Kid†, Ghyslain Raza, whose homemade video of him fighting with a pretend light sabre was leaked and had more than 15 million downloads. He had been so affected that he was admitted into a child psychiatric ward (Johnson, 2004). We can see from this case study how badly cyber bullying can affect a victim, and this started from a post that the victim had not expected would be leaked. All of these threats occur because people choose to post their details on the social networking sites. While social networking sites are growing, more people are online than ever before and this includes the bad guys on the net (Viega, 2009). Thus, we have to be even more careful about the threats that we might face online. Other than that, users should also beware identity theft. Identity theft is the use of one person’s personal information to commit fraud or other crimes (Columbia University Press, n. d. ). This can happen to users who reveal too much information on the Internet for an identity thief to pose as him or her. As Waldrop, B. (2011) has said, â€Å"A case of identity theft can be as serious as having your entire bank account to be wiped out. † This can be a very serious threat and users should beware of it. Finally, there is the lack of privacy online. The thing about social networking websites is that it has the weakest data link and was even rated by The Cocoon Blog as the second biggest online privacy threat in 2011. With a weak data link, it is easy for even non-users of social networking sites to hack into a user’s database and gain access to what the user has posted. In fact, Mark Zukerberg, the founder of Facebook himself had hacked into the email accounts of two Harvard Crimson reporters using data obtained from TheFacebook. coms logs (Carlson, 2010). This shows how information is easily accessed on social networking sites. People often believe that it is the responsibility of social networking websites to safeguard its users’ privacy. However, here are some of the reasons why users have a major role to play in protecting their own online privacy. Firstly, social networking sites can only protect their users to a limited extent. Social networking sites have really weak data links and they have too many users to be able to take care of all of them. Facebook for example, would be the third largest nation in the world if it were a country (Andrews, 2011, p. 1). We can think Facebook as the government and its privacy settings as the law. In a real country, there would be people breaking rules despite knowing the laws. A weak data link is like Facebook’s version of a weak police force, being unable to prevent data from being stolen. Hence, users cannot choose to rely solely on social networking sites to protect their privacy. Secondly, it is the user’s responsibility to provide his or her loved ones. Some of a user’s information such as home number or address is shared with his or her non-user family members. Thus, revealing information as such might bring harm to the family. An example would be if a burglar decides to break in to a user’s house, whose address he found on the Internet. If a social networking site user had revealed his address and phone number online, all the burglar has to do is to type in phone number or address in Google Search and it will direct him to the user’s home (Tynan, 2005). Finally, it is important that users are aware of what harm information they post can bring. This is so as the information that had been posted cannot be taken back. Even if the user had used the best services to get all of his data removed, the information can be reinstalled within a short period of time (Andrews, 2011). Hence, users are considered the biggest threat to their own online privacy as they are the ones who have a final say on what information they choose to post on the Internet. As mentioned in Cocoon’s 2011 List of the Top 10 Internet Privacy threats, the weakest link in the privacy chain could be the users themselves. Everything that Internet users do online leaves a digital footprint from search engine tastes to browsing patterns and social interactions. Therefore, users should be responsible for what they choose to do on the Internet, as they will never know who is watching and what online privacy threats awaits them. While enjoying the benefits that social networking websites provide them with, they should also be aware of the threats they are facing and learn to protect their own privacy. I strongly believe that the best way to do so is for users to limit the amount of intimate information they reveal online. Privacy settings on social networking sites might help but only to a certain extent and it is better to be safe then sorry. All in all, users should understand that while they are limiting the amount the intimate information of themselves online, they are also protecting themselves from their greatest Internet privacy enemy- themselves.

Troys Ideology and Occupation in Fences by August Wilson :: essays research papers

In Fences, the main character Troy obtains an occupation that changes his value systems, his character traits, and his overall ideology. Not only did it affect his lifestyle, it eventually affects those around him. The newly found ideology Troy obtains significantly effects the development of the story's plot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Troy has a lower-middle/working class occupation - a garbage man. In Troy's mind, this job is something that enables him to survive thus far. Growing up, Troy experiences many hardships. Escaping an abusive father, Troy corrupts his life with a passion for thievery and irresponsible actions. For example, Troy impregnates a woman; the woman gave birth to Lyons. Because of Troy's irresponsible lifestyle, he is sent to jail; Lyons grows up without a father. Upon obtaining this job, Troy thinks it is one of the most stable aspects of his life. Stability, security, and success - this occupation brings many enhancements into Troy's life. Having a steady income changes his personal ideology of what character traits an African-American male should possess; in particular, what character traits his sons should possess. Troy's son Lyons now lives as a musician. To Troy, musicianship as a career does not provide that level of stability his job as a garbage man provides. Telli ng Lyons his point of view, Troy says the following: You know why I got it? You living the fast life...wanna be a musician...running around in them clubs and things...then, you learn to take care of yourself. You ain't gonna find me going and asking nobody for nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (464) Troy, without the use of force, wishes Lyons, would change his ways to match his new ideology; on the contrary, Troy attempts to force Cory, his youngest son, to adopt these beliefs. In fact, Troy wants Cory to exemplify a more developed and enriched ideology than he himself has. Telling Lyons his point of view, Troy says the following: You go on and get your book learning so you can work yourself up in that A&P or learn how to fix cars or build houses or something, get you a trade. That way you have something can't nobody take away from you. You go on and learn how to put your hands to some good use. Besides hauling people's garbage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (476) Similarly, both Cory and Lyons seek careers that lack stability and security - something Troy finds unfaithful to his beliefs. Cory yearns to join a collegiate football team. To supplement the principals he obtains from his steady occupation, Troy forces Cory to desist his collegiate football career and return to his steady occupation working at the A&P.

Psychology and Physical Response Laughter Essay

The field of counseling will finally reach it’s highest potential when people enter therapy because they feel they don’t laugh enough in their lives You may be surprised to learn that not everyone can spontaneously laugh nor can everyone experience a belly laugh. This depends to a large degree on the capacity of the nervous system to handle the activation necessary for such a physical response Laughter keeps your nervous system healthy. If you’ve ever watched a funny movie and later felt a warm, tingling feeling all over your body then you were likely discharging. You see laughter is an ideal means of discharger Laughter is believed to be a right brain activity with the capacity to help us feel balanced. One way that it does so is via discharge As you may have read elsewhere on this site, a healthy nervous system can manage energy well. That is, the nervous system becomes energized via stimulation (i.e. it becomes activated) and then it discharges the energy accordingly. We move through cycles of activation and discharge naturally and efficiently (if we have a healthy nervous system) all day long. My Personal laughter in experiences It’s been my clinical experience that once the nervous system is reset i.e. it is self-regulating, the parasympathetic down regulation is less likely to trigger negative moods. I can’t express enough how huge this ides is in terms of how we approach mental health. This site was, in part, inspired by this very notion. The new therapies available (especially right-brain-based therapies e.g. body psychotherapy) more readily utilize the positive aspects of our lives but not in a mindless magical thinking sort of way. They do so from a way of directly changing how the nervous system responds. Other experience groups that have been combined into this group include: None yet. This is an experience group where everyone says: I Keep My Sanity Through Laughter. It features support, personal stories and experiences, advice, chat, talk, forums, videos, pictures and resources from real people, just like you. It’s free to join, and the people in this group would love to meet you! If you’ve had this experience, or plan on having it in the future,  simply click ‘Me Too’ or ‘Plan To’ and add it to your experiences. As you add more experiences, we’re better able to recommend interesting people Laughter is the discharge. It is the natural way our body lets go of the heightened energy. If you find yourself laughing at inappropriate times, you will find this habit easier to control when you work on calming your nervous system that’s why being a good healthy.

Shakespeare Sonnet Compare and Contrast Essay

Sonnet Compare and Contrast Essay Love can be expressed and described in many different ways. Shakespeare`s sonnets â€Å"116† and â€Å"18† justify that love has the ability to create extremely powerful feelings between two people, which can help them achieve the ultimate sense of happiness. To that end, when people experience true love they live a more joyful and content life. When a person finds love their lives are filled with joy and pleasure that bring true happiness into ones life.In sonnet â€Å"116†, Shakespeare writes that love should be; â€Å"an ever fixed mark, / That looks on tempests and is never shaken,† (lines 4-5). Shakespeare is speaking of a building that could never be destroyed. This quote carries a metaphor within it, by referring to love as a sturdy building. True love should never collapse; it should always hold fast and be strong no matter how dire a situation is. The metaphor also brings to light the idea that love can empower a person by creating a sense of strength and stability in between the two people that share it.In sonnet â€Å"18,† Shakespeare is able to justify that when one is in love, one will always see the beautiful side of the person they admire. This is described in lines 9-10 â€Å"[†¦] thy eternal summer shall not fade, / Nor lose possession of that fair owest;† Shakespeare is comparing a glorious and never ending summer to how a person views their true love. Through the lover’s eye, beauty and youth will never fade. This quote also contains a hyperbole, one cannot be youthful forever, just like summer does not last all year, but in the eyes of those in love beauty doesn’t change and summer doesn’t turn to fall.One that has experienced true love has a enhanced view on life, and becomes deeply invested into their soul mate. In both poems, Shakespeare declares that when two people are in love, they in turn create deep enthusiasm for another. A person i n love see`s eternal beauty in the other. Sonnet â€Å"18† compares â€Å"thee to a summer`s day? / Though are more lovely and temperate† (lines 1-2). Shakespeare uses a comparison to a beautiful summer day, to explain that a person in love believes that their soul mate is lovelier.By using an association with something tangible like the warmth and beauty of summer, Shakespeare is able to validate the couples enthusiasm and intensity of feelings for each other. As shown in sonnet â€Å"116† metaphors are also used to show love, Lines 4-5 provide an even deeper and more significant meaning for this sonnet. The metaphor makes love seem like an unbreakable structure, one that is built on trust, admiration, and no doubt of wavering feelings. Lines 4-5 contain examples of diction such as, â€Å"never,† â€Å"shaken,† and â€Å"tempest†.Diction is used in this quote to create a deeper meaning and emphasize on how firm the structure should be. The word â€Å"never† gives a sense of confidence that nothing will ever be destroyed and the love will always be the same. Love creates enthusiasm within a person, causing them feel a deep compassion for another, but love also makes a person stronger by guiding them through problematic moments Love should be able to guide people through hard times and support them when they need it most.The quote in line 2-5 of Sonnet â€Å"116† is very metaphorical because the quote implies that love should be strong and will never let a person down no matter how hard the situation is. As Shakespeare said, â€Å"Love is not love, Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove,† he refers to love as being something tangible, as a solid unbreakable object. By doing so, he explains that true love cannot just come and go with the tide or the wind but that it is a stable and durable fixture. Love should not only make a person stronger, it should also have th e ability of guiding and giving advice to a lover.In Sonnet â€Å"116† line 7, Shakespeare states that love is, â€Å"the star to every wandering bark†. This phrase compares the North Star, which is used by different vessels, as a guide to love. The vessel is a lost and hopeless soul but the star is love which helps guide a person to happiness. Once a person finds their rock, they are able to grow and have confidence knowing that they have somebody to support them. Shakespeare`s sonnets â€Å"116† and â€Å"18† validates that love is a powerful connection between two people.

Lees Surrender essays

Lees Surrender essays Some people believe that Robert E. Lee did not have that much influence on the South. They believe that he was a just a great general and that he didn't have much impact on the Confederate states. These people must have been from the North because General Robert E. Lee had a great impact on the South during the war, but he had an even greater impact after the war. People do not always act in their own interests. The South spent more in loss of lives than keeping slavery was worth in economic terms. The North spent more fighting the South than it would have cost to pay for the slave owners for their property. "People by large are guided by leaders. When their leaders march off into a folly, the people often follow" (Alexander 318). The smartest thing Lee ever did was surrender at Appomattox and put an end to the fighting. Before Lee surrendered, he was confronted by Porter Alexander and offered the idea of guerrilla warfare. Lee forcefully and finally rejected the idea of this. He saved countless lives of his soldiers by rejecting this idea. Lee made this statement in the hours before the surrender, "It is our duty to live, for what will become of the women and children of the South if we are not here to support and protect them" (Bradford 111). The South had a great deal of honor and respect for Lee. Everyone knew that Lee had fought to the very end. He had a great influence over the South, consequently, when Lee asked his men to be as good as citizens of a united nation as they had been good soldiers in war, they agreed whole-heartily. His ideas "turned many Southerners away from their feelings of hate and revenge toward cooperation and peace" (Alexander 320). After the war, the South realized that slavery was too expensive. The day after the surrender, Lee told Grant, "The South was now as opposed to human bondage as the North" (Alexander 320). The only real issue between the North and ...

50 Latin Phrases You Should Know

50 Latin Phrases You Should Know 50 Latin Phrases You Should Know 50 Latin Phrases You Should Know By Mark Nichol Latin expressions are often adopted into English, often with an extended or figurative meaning. Here are fifty of the most common phrases, followed by their literal translation in Latin and the meaning in English (omitted when the meaning follows the literal translation). 1. a posteriori (from the latter): based on experience 2. a priori (from the earlier): independent of experience 3. ad hoc (for this): said of something created or formed for a special case 4. ad infinitum (to infinity): something that keeps going forever 5. alea jacta est (the die is cast): said when a plot is set into motion 6. ars longa, vita brevis (art is long, life is short) 7. casus belli: (cause of war): where the blame lies 8. caveat emptor (let the buyer beware): a reference to the principle that a customer is responsible for making sure that a product is in good working order 9. compos mentis (of healthy mind): sane 10. ex cathedra (from the chair): with the full authority of office (often used in reference to the Catholic pope’s infallibility, but also employed in other contexts) 11. ex post facto (after the fact): realized with hindsight 12. de facto (from fact): something that happens in practice but is not necessarily established by law 13. de jure (from law): the contrary of de facto; something established by law 14. dies irae (day of judgment) 15. dramatis personae (persons of the drama): refers to a list of actors, or to the principal participants of an event or in a group 16. genius loci (guardian spirit): the character of a place 17. honoris causa (for the sake of the honor): an honorary degree 18. horribile dictu (horrible to say) 19. in extremis (in the farthest reaches): in a difficult situation, or at the point of death 20. in flagrante delicto (in the burning crime): caught in the act 21. in medias res (into the middle of things): in the midst of action (said of the opening of a story or account) 22. in situ (in that place): in its original place 23. in toto (as a whole) 24. ipso facto (by the very fact): because of that fact 25. inter alia (among other things) 26. mea culpa (I am responsible): forgive me 27. memento mori (remember that you must die): a reminder of mortality 28. mens sana in corpore sano (a healthy mind in a healthy body) 29. mirabile dictu (amazing to say) 30. modus operandi (method of operating): way of working (also MO) 31. ne plus ultra (none more beyond): without equal, the greatest degree 32. non sequitur (it does not follow): said of something that does not logically relate to what came before 33. nota bene (note well): take note (also NB) 34. o tempora o mores (oh, the times, oh, the morals): said in criticism of behavior 35. omnia vincit amor (love conquers all) 36. panem et circenses (bread and circuses): said of things offered to the masses to distract them from what they should attend to for their own benefit 37. per se (by itself) 38. post hoc ergo propter hoc (after this, therefore because of this): effect follows cause 39. prima facie (at first look): based on the first impression, or accepted as correct until proved otherwise 40. primus inter pares (first among equals) 41. pro forma (for form): for the sake of appearances or form 42. quid pro quo (this for that): something given in exchange for something else (hence quid, the nickname for the pound in UK currency) 43. quis custodiet ipsos custodes (who watches the watchers?): who shall protect us against those who (supposedly) protect us? 44. sic transit gloria mundi (thus passes the glory of the world): fame is fleeting in this world 45. sine qua non (without which thing . . . not): said of something indispensable 46. sub rosa (under the rose): happening or done in secret 47. sui generis (in its own class): unique 48. tabula rasa (scraped tablet): blank slate (the concept of the human mind before it receives impressions from experience) 49. tempus fugit (time flies) 50. terra firma (solid ground): often used figuratively to refer to certainty 51. vox populi (voice of the people) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Acronym vs. InitialismRite, Write, Right, Wright

Society's Unhealthy Obsession with Thinness Essay

Society's Unhealthy Obsession with Thinness - Essay Example Before the malady had been studied clinically, people thought that this starving was something religious and some girls would fast for days and weeks at end only to end up either highly ill or dead. Now that we understand the act, it is important to understand the scene. The scene according to Burke is "the background of the act, the situation in which it occurred." We might never know for sure why girls in 18th centuries would starve themselves because there is nothing in the article on the actual reasons for developing anorexia in those days. But in today's society we know for a fact that obsession with thinness is the cause of this problem. With media showing unreal images of thin beauties, many young girls starve themselves to lose weight, both real and imaginary. Doctors have found that these girls do not lack appetite, but simply have "a deathly fear of getting fat". Agent in this case is the girl who is so badly trying to lose weight that she makes herself sick. This girl would usually be a young person, highly impressionable and with a morbid fear of putting on weight. This would be a girl who "wouldn't lick stamps because she was terrified of possible calories". She would still exercise herself to sickness because she simply cannot fathom the problem with her. A young girl with an obsessive desire to lose weight and stay thin is very likely to develop anorexia nervosa. The most detailed part of this article would fall in the area of â€Å"agency†. According to Burke, agency is â€Å"the means or instruments used†. The author has done a good job in explaining how the agent would lose weight. There are more than one ways in which girls suffering from anorexia would keep their weight below the healthy line. Purging is the main instrument. Girls would throw up whatever they ate to at once having the feeling of fullness from eating and the satisfaction of not consuming any calories from the food. There can be other similar habits such as "mixing vinegar in her drinks or lavishing mustard on lettuce salad." Another method is lingering on the food for a very long time, "Anorexics linger over food, drawing out the meal, as people do during times of famine. Prisoners of war had elaborate strategies to make one slice of bread last an hour." The article shows many ways in which we can detect eating disorders in young people around us. It tells p arents to look for warning signs like excessive exercise, little or no food consumption, lingering over food, vomiting, paler complexion and using some specific ingredients like vinegar excessively in their food or liquids. The last is the purpose which according to Burke is the intention for committing the act. If a person is starving herself to death or illness, what possibly could be the purpose As we have already mentioned, the purpose is to lose weight. But this is only partially true because there are many women who would lose weight but not suffer from anorexia. The people suffering from this malady have two purposes a) to lose weight which can often be imaginary, and b) to be accepted by others especially those they idealize. This purpose makes them do weird things to their body and this can lead to serious

Analysis of the 6th Chapter of The Aesthetics of the Natural Essay

Analysis of the 6th Chapter of The Aesthetics of the Natural Environments - Essay Example Appreciating landscapes may involve purely sensory layers such as sight, sound and smell. Rely do this layers exist alone. Whenever we look at a landscape we seek out formal relationships which include conceptualizing and recognizing and adding context and background including many more. Metaphysical imagination is a concept used to explain the aspects of nature for which there are no clear concepts and exact words to use. This in essence means that landscapes reveal and conceal much more beauty than what we see, meaning it has much more to offer. The aesthetic experience of nature includes a diverse range of components from the basic ones like rocks and stones, to the bigger components which ultimately is the world as whole. This chapter aims at clarifying five principal components that deal with landscape and metaphysics namely; 1) Brings out the concept of metaphysical imagination and its relation to aesthetic experience of nature Metaphysical imagination essentially relates to ho w we interpret a scene in nature in relation to the whole world experience .It fuses present experience from landscapes and sensory components, but not mediation that a landscape arouses. Nature presents itself more for sustainability than for enjoyment. Hepburn argues that we should experience nature as it is rather than how we want to perceive it. According to him we respond to features to which nature presents. The author differentiates between human attitudes and appreciation towards art and towards appreciation of the aesthetic value of nature. Artists have a tendency of including technological advancements to their work, even the ones that deal with nature and we appreciate it. However when we interfere with nature using technology we tend to appreciate it less, compared to if less invasion of technology. He therefore argues that the way we appreciate nature is the way we should appreciate the beauty of art. 2) The author argues that philosophers sometimes undervalue metaphysi cal imagination. This he argues happens because of several reasons, one of them being the fact that they want to maintain how they engage aesthetically with nature free from expenses which lack rational support for example religious experiences, which cannot be determined and whose description fails on distinct reference. Philosophers who undervalue metaphysical imagination do not want metaphysics to be used in experiencing metaphysics. The other reason why metaphysical imagination can be undervalued is because the experiences derived from landscapes can only be eluded by the person who experienced them. He encourages recognition of the endless variety of aesthetic experiences for example if pantheists or atheist view is replaced by metaphysics view, then metaphysical ideologies such as materialism will increase. On the other hand scientific evidence should not surplus all other aesthetic appreciation of nature. Science cannot oust metaphysics. This is despite the fact that metaphys ics mainly works on speculative and incomplete evidence. Science on the other hand works with evidence; hence it ends up looking at the world selectively and therefore ends up eliminating human concerns, which form part of nature. Human perspective in appreciating of aesthetic component of nature cannot be downplayed. Science or any other method alone cannot be used to value metaphysical imagination. 3) On the other hand we tend to over value or exaggerate metaphysical

Chartered Portfolio Manager- Week 8 Discussion Post and Student Essay

Chartered Portfolio Manager- Week 8 Discussion Post and Student Responses - Essay Example This is to help standardize the type and content of messages posted by financial firms on social media and to eliminate fraudulent content (Flynn, 2012). Among the rules to be followed include ensuring that there is explanation of how a firm is using social media to advertise, ensuring that there is a record of all communication on social media, and ensuring that a firm is accountable for all messages posted on social media by their employees (Bahadur et al., 2012). After highlighting the importance of social media to individuals and firms, Roland should also add the limits that should be in place to ensure safe and efficient advertising of financial firms. I agree to the rest of the post where Roland analyses the advantages and functions of FINRA to businesses and their clients but I think that he should consider adding the risks of financial advisors to firms. When Kyrette explains what social media advertising is all about, he should also consider stating the risks associated with financial advisors. In addition to this, he should also consider adding information on what FINRA stands for, and its functions in advertising when he gives advantages of social media to professionals. Although Sherard’s gives a clear discussion on who financial advisors are and their main functions in a financial firm, Sherard should consider adding the rules and regulations put in place by FINRA. After highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of financial advertisers to firms, Sherard should give an opinion whether he recommends financial advisors to firms or

Effects of health and education on income distribution in Malaysia

Effects of health and education on income distribution in Malaysia 1.0 CHAPTER 1 THE EFFECT OF HEALTH AND EDUCATION ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND POVERTY IN MALAYSIA. Background Of study Health and education is the two important components of human capital. This becomes the most important needs to Malaysian people because health and education have a strong relationship between the income distribution and the level of poverty in Malaysia. Besides that, the health status and educational level are use in measured the level of income and the level of poverty in a country. Problem Statement The specific problem statement of this study is shown below: There is a strong relationship between health status and education level on the income distribution and poverty in Malaysia. There is a gap of the income distribution between the educated and healthy people with the low-income and unhealthy people in Malaysia. Income inequality and poverty is not satisfactory in Malaysia. Research Objective To identify the relationship of health and education on income level and poverty in Malaysia. To determine whether education level gives impact on income level and poverty in Malaysia. To identify the factors of poverty in Malaysia. Scope and limitation of the study This study was focus on identifying and investigates whether health and education affect the income level and poverty in Malaysia. To examine and determine this relationship, it is important to measure the significant of each of the variables related to this study. Other than that, this study will cover and use the data from 2005 until 2009 in Malaysian country. The data areas are the real per capita gross domestic product (GDP), public spending on expenditure (percent of GDP), total enrolment in primary school and life expectancy of birth. The data are obtained from Department of statistics Malaysia and World Development Indicators (World Bank). significance of the problem This paper is important to the economic development in Malaysia as this study will help the government to identify and determine the important area that need to be improved in order to reduce income inequality and solve poverty. Other than that, this paper also can help the Malaysian communities to improve themselves by showing them the important of higher education level which is the important factors contribute to higher income level. Chapter outline In chapter 1, we will discuss about the introduction of this study. We will know a little bit about the important of health and education. After conducting this study, we will determine the problem and after that we can develop the objectives of this study. Lastly, we can determine the scope and limitation while conducting this study. Chapter 2 discuss about the relevant literature review. We explained the variable in this chapter which are the health, educational level, income inequalities and poverty. The conceptual framework also included to explain the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variables. Chapter 3 explain about the data and methodology. This refers to the data used, the population and sampling methods that was very important to this study. From the data that we find, we can analyze the data and make a hypothesis. After that we can test the data. 2.0 CHAPTER 2 2.1 Introduction As we looking at the present condition in our country, we can see that there is a strong relationship between the health and education level with Malaysian communities income distribution and poverty. This can be simplified as, there is a gap between the income distribution of the educated and healthy people with the poor and unhealthy people in Malaysia. This problem caused by some factors or variables that contribute to the income inequalities and poverty. Because of that, the government and the communities itself should identify and determine any areas that should be improved and find some suggestion to solve or reduce this problem. So that, we clearly see that the best way to reduce and improve this situation is to improve the health and education status in Malaysia as this is the common factors in determining the income level and poverty level in one place. After do some reading and find some literature review related to this situation, this study presents the investigation of t he effect of the two important components in human needs which are the health and education on the income distribution and poverty in Malaysia. 2.0 Theoretical Framework Health Status Education level DEPENDENT VARIABLE -Income inequality -Poverty Level of Savings 2.3 Literature Review There is an effect of health and education on income distributions and poverty in many areas in this world. This can be explained through some relevant literature review. Other than health and education level, the level of savings also categorized as the main factors affecting the income distribution and poverty. The problem of the income inequality and poverty is affected by health and education has investigated. According to Bakhtiari and Meisami (2009), the level of education, level of income, savings and health status can affect the income inequality and poverty. The higher educated people have more opportunities to earn more money or income. Other than that, the more literate people tend to have high awareness with their health and seeking medical when they ill. The finding of this paper is boosting the health and education status in Islamic countries will reduce the income inequality and poverty in Islamic countries. This paper also stated that Practical implications show that this empirical examination can help the Islamic countries government to identify any areas that should be improved in order to reduce the income inequality and alleviate poverty. Furthermore, this strategies help government to identify areas that should be improved upon in order to reduce income inequality and red uce poverty line. To explain the facts that there are some important determinants of poverty and income distribution in developing countries, Dao M.Q (2007), use a sample of 40 developing countries in the world, it was found that some of the population below the poverty line is linearly depends on the human capital such as health, nutrition, and formal education. All of this is the components of improvements in the development of one country. This means that this human capital reduce income inequalities and poverty. After that, they also use 35 developing countries to measure and it was found that income inequality linearly affected by the same explanatory variables but other than that, the infant mortality rate and the primary school completion rate also affect poverty and income level. Bastos et.al (2010), Research has been done to the children in Portugal to investigate the profile of income-poor children and the results obtained states that 25 percent of them are at risk of poverty. They are from the low income families and this will influence the culture on their eating habits. This contributes to the facts that the people from the lower socio-economic groups do not eat healthily. Mackereth C.J et.al also do some research on the culture of eating for the low income families and it also found the same results as Bastos et.al where they are not eat healthily and eating whatever available in front rather than cooking the healthy food. It is because they dont have enough resources and lack of time. The relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and health status also has been identified by Drakopoulos S.A et.al (2010). The result shows that the socioeconomic deprivation of child has negative effects on our health especially on our working stage. Our psychological health will decrease slowly because of this deprivation. Another results found from Habibov N.N (2010) regarding the low-income transitional countries and this also prove that health status and education level can influence the self-perceived social stratification in the multi-country like Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. It is stated that the most affordable variables in increasing the income level of the low-income transitional countries are health status and education because this is the factors of growing the effectiveness of one country and improve the level of low-income people. In his research, Adjaye, J.A (2004), examine whether the income inequality affect health. The relationship between these two variables has become the major problem in our daily life nowadays. The result shows that the people that have low-income profiles are more likely to fall sick because they dont have enough resources to pay for the treatment and medicine. Other than that, it also found that the people from rich family can live longer than the poor family people. This can be simply stated that the higher income level we have the higher level of health we are. To prove that educational can improve the peoples income inequality, Ning, G (2010) do some investigation in China. It was found that, expand more in educational will help us to reduce the phenomena of income inequality. Other than that, one of the ways to solve the problem of poverty is to do more investment in education because this will gives high return in future. Lanaskoronskis, M. et.al (2009) found in their investigation that Reflection of higher education will contribute to the high competitiveness of a country. Competitiveness refers to the skill people, goods and services we have, or ideas can be accepted locally and international. On the other words, higher education becomes the most important areas that contribute to increase competitiveness. The common factors that contribute to the poverty can be explained through the paper of Wang, X. et al (2009) where they found that the poverty line in China are due to the lack of education that automatically causing the unemployment that will make them cannot gain enough resources to buy food. Thats why China government conduct some surveys to investigate this problem and they also found that the profile of the low-income people is unhealthy because of the lack of consumption of nutritional food in their country. Education is the humans resource to apply job and opportunities in one country. This is because education is the main source of a company, manager and employers to measure their level of income. Education is a human capital investment that gives a long-term sustainable development for them. In Benjamin, S.J et.al (2011), it was found that household income is use to measure the Malaysian people ability to enter at any higher education institution. Lack of the resources will contribute to the lack of knowledgement. Besides that the parents will face the possibility to pay the high fees for their children. This is because before this they dont take more attention on their level of education. They cannot apply a good job and after that their income is not enough to support the needs of education for their children. 3.0 CHAPTER 3 3.1 The data and methodology that we used in this study is unit root test and the Ordinary least squares (OLS) to represent the effects of health and education on income distribution and poverty. Besides that this will shows whether there is a relationship between the dependent variables and independent variables. 3.2 Data, population and sampling methods. In this paper, the data was covering the time series data from year 2005 to 2009 that is 5 years. For the population, this paper focuses on the people of 14 states in Malaysia.

not a real paper :: essays research papers

I'm just trying to join this site. Sorry I don't actually have a paper to donate. If I had the time to do it I would find a paper to give. But I don't. Maybe later. Printing overview When you create a document or enter data into a spreadsheet, you may want to see what your work looks like in print. To do this, you must install a printer. The printer might be attached directly to your computer, or it may be a shared network printer located in a common copy room. Once installed, the printer will be listed in the Printers folder as well as in the Print dialog box of the program you are using. A variety of settings and print options are available once the printer is installed on your computer. For example, you can share your printer with another user or set up a separator page so you can easily identify your document among other documents. You can also change options that specifically affect how a document is printed. For example, you can change the page layout from portrait to landscape or you can change the number of copies that are printed. For more overview information and a list of common tasks, see Related Topics. To print a document Open the document you want to print. On the File menu of the program you are using, click Print. Notes In the Print dialog box you can see the number of documents waiting to print on any printer installed on your computer by right-clicking the printer in Select Printer and then clicking Open. If you are logged on to a Windows 2000 domain running Active Directory, you can click Find Printer to search for a printer on the network with the capabilities you want, such as high-speed or color printing. For more information on searching for a printer, see Related Topics. To store a document as a file rather than sending it to the printer, click the Print to file check box in the Print dialog box. For easy access to your printer, you can create a shortcut to it on the desktop.

Formula One Constructors -Strategic Management

In this paper i will analyse and evaluate competetivenes of Formula one Motorsport industry and its dynamic characterictisc influenced by external and internal factors to critically understand and explore strategic management thoery of sustained competetive advantege and its significant importance in order of carrier succes of any Formula one constructors .I will try to clerly identify external and internal issues and changes , affecting (facing ) development of sustainable competetive advantage within formula One Teams , by presenting and demonstrating appropierate strategic management frameworks and approches . F1 industry its one of the most competetive and dynamic popular motorsport and specialist business worth E 350 billion to E400 billion(A. T Kearney Zygband et, 2011) ,within which many teams , effectivelly compete with each other in designing and constructing bolids prototypes to achieve succes and survival and competetive advantege agaisnt other rivals .There is significat questions frustrating F1 constructors since decades , regarding to how most effeectively and efficientyly achieve competetive advantege for thier teams to outperform and step ahead of other competitors in industry and how to achieve sustainable competetive advantege for dominance in numbers of seasons . This essay will be devided on four part in which first part will give brief overview about Formula one Industry, then i will demonstrate theories related to sustiable comepetetive advantege with reflection to achievement of the success in the Formula One motorsport .In the Next part of this paper i will critically eveluate generic model and strategic capabilities based on resource based view and knowledge based view of the startegy which requires constant reference to the resources and knowledge of competitors to achieve competitve advantege . In this section i will focus on the Williams ‘s team during thier dominance and technological reveloution in mid of 1990, where also i w ill provide my own point of view of why they didnet keep thier dominance and what they could do better at this time to sustain thier sucess futher .This is industry is strongly competetive and is perceived as very dynamic and very difficult to sustain at the leading position for numbers of season which is proved by the fact that since the start of of the World Championship (1950) only two F1 constructors won the Chapionship consecuitevely more than four times MClaren(1988-1291) and Ferrari (1999-2004). In the end i will write my opinion of which team has created the best source of the competetive advantege and also finally i will draw conclusion based on my analysys and my findings obtained throughout analysing of this case .Formula one Motorsport became one of the most popular and technologicaly innovative motorsport and sport TV event around the world which enjoyed the third highest audience in the world staright after Olimopics and World cup soocer . Unfortunately being fromula O ne constructor requires to generate sponsor revenues through increasignly sophiticated marketing strategies and also need to design , develop manufacture and race open wheel signle seat racecar.This is extremly expensive and requires huge amount of funds from sponsors and stakholders which are essentila to create competetive advantage againts key marekt competitors by implemeting new revolutionary technology innovation into their bolids sucha as the most powerful and reilable engines with innovative design of the chasis with all aerodymanims . in 2008 the top 3 teams were Ferrari , Mclaren and Williams cvbvd ciag dalszy ,. t is not only an season motorsport event its a strong and competetive individual industry within which F1 constructors are business organisations competing with each other for the survival and the success in the every single F1 season . its seen to to be very simply enough to achieve sustained competetive advantege and succeed in in this indystry while having the best car ,the best driver , the best supporting team and all supported by finanse from sposnsors.Unfortunaterly it does not so simple as not many F1 constructor up to date were not able to manage and linked all available all stretegic capabilieties based on resources and competence to work effectively together to achieve sustained competetive advantege in long term . such as 3 or 4 year or more . Todays strongly competetive and dynamic business environmnet requires from all organsiation and companies to seek developments of their susiable competetive advantege which enables then to stay attractive and innovative for the market and survive in competiton with their competitors .According to Alderson (1965) firms should strive for unique characteristics in order to distinguish themselves from competitors in the eyes of the consumer for a long period of time that is, sustainable competitive advantage. Sustainable competitive advantage is the ability to offer superior customer value on a n enduring or consistent basis, a situation in which competitors are unable to easily imitate the firm? capacity for value creation (Collis and Montgomery, 1995). According to Barney (1991), sustainable competitive advantage arises when the firm? s resources are valuable and the resources help the firm create valuable products and services, they are rare and competitors can not get acces to them, inimitable competitors cannot easily replicate them and appropriate when the firm owns them and can exploit them . .36 KCA JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT: VOL. , ISSUE 1 (2009). The competetive advantege of an organisation such as Formula One construcotors is likely to be based on strategivc capabilities that are valuable and contribute to its long -term survival or competetive advantage . There are two main components of strategic capabilities resources and competence(ksiazka kopiowana)Resources are the asstes that organisation have or can call upon and competence are the ways those assets are used or deployed effectively.In this case of formula one constructores resouresec are machinces ,patents ,computer systems , managers , engenires and deisgners as resources are all assets controlled and possessed by the firm (Barney, 1991) and competences are productivity ,organisational values, managerial competencies, organisational structure, process and technology ,knowldege flexibility and experance ,skills as a core competencies according to Prahalad and Hamel (1990) and which are the collective knowledge about how to coordinate the business.Unfortynately efficiency and effectiveness of physical resources or financial resources or the people in F1 team depend not just on their existence by on the system and processes by which they are managed ,its depend of reletaioshiops and cooperation of the people in the team thier adaptability, thier innovatory capicity and and thier experciance and learnbing about what works well what does not which and develop core competencies wit hin the firm or team .Core competences are crucial as they linked set of skills ,activities and recourses that togehter deliver value,differentiate business from its competitors . To core competences of teams competing in F1 we may include effective communication between the constructors and the driver, ability to negotiate sponsorships, leadership and motivating abilities of CEOs, efficient use of the budget and royalties, skills, knowledge and experience of the team as a whole. According to Teece (Teece, et al. 1997) firm’s capabilities necessary for effective operations ill not support company’s superior performance. Strategic capabilities of the firm or in this case F1 costructors team can not be static they need to dynamic and change ,renew and recreate to meet the needs of the changing environmnet where Formula one Industry is most technologically developed and competretive motorsprort industry . Dynamic capabilities confirms that in order to remain competitive c ompany must possess the competence to renew and adjust their strategic capabilities to operate effectively and efficiently in changing environment.As It is significant for F1 team to work on design and development of both engine and car chassis on everyday changing basis, to maintained existing but also retain new sponsors which are crucial for any F1 team , to continuingly motivate and also recruit the new talents. These knowledge resources and capabilities, resulting from learning processes implies an improvement in response capacity through a broader understanding of the dynamic and competetive environment (Dodgson, 1993; Sinkula, 1994).The organizational learning process such as in F1constructors Team helps tem to discover why problems are seen in a one dimensional frame work posing questions of the current systems and challenging paradoxes as they occur (Murray and Donegan, 2003) . [†¦ ] We believe that the careful study of how capabilities and competition mutually influen ce each other could be one of the next great opportunities for the field of strategy research. †Henderson and Mitchell, introduction to the ‘Summer 1997 Special Issue: Organization and Competitive Interactions’ of the Strategic Management Journal. The issue of firm performance and what startegic approch they should select to achieve sutainale competetive advantege has been disccuesed for decades and encompasses most other questions that have been raised in the field, as for instance, why firms differ, how they behave, how they choose strategies and how they are managed (Porter,1991) (Ansoff, 1976). n this case there are two different startegic approches are presented the positioning approach and the resource based view . In itiated in the mid-1980s by Wernerfelt (1984), Rumelt (1984) and Barney (1986), the resource-based view (RBV) has since become one of the dominant contemporary approaches to the analysis of sustained competitive advantage. A central premise of the resource-based view is that firms compete on the basis of their resources and capabilities (Peteraf and Bergen, 2003). Resource based view theories suggest that in order to take the part of F1 race the team must retain tangible resources such as highly qualified technical staff which would include race engineers, designers, aerodynamicist, composite expert, system specialist, but also CEO, budget, sponsorship and also the driver as the core competent resource inluencing succes of the team .The positioniong approch for business says that the best way to predict the future is to create it, and companies are often able to position themselves in ways which set and exploit the basis of competition to their advantage. The positioning approach is strongly linked with Porter strategic view , who argues that in order to achieve superior performance company must to understand the structure of the industry, in which it operates.This will allow the firm to adjust their strategy and exploit the underlying economic factors within the industry even better than their competitors do which might allow to outperform them . From other point of view of (Barney, 1991, Rumelt, 1984) this approch is criticised , as it assumes that all businesses operates on an equal organisational field. As Formula one industry is quite closed industry , creates field of constant formal or imformal shareing of common technoligies innovations , regulationa as also tacticts and stategic approches .According to Porter (1985) attractiveness of the sector can be defined by the implementation of the five forces model. Implication of this model to F1 motorsport industry presents that this industry is very difficult to enter industry with the low threat of new entrants due to high start-up costs and investments , there is quite low bargain power of customers due considerable number of viewers, power of suppliers is not really strong and very low level of potential substitute within industry but with very strong competetive high intensity of rivalry .F1 has passed trough maturity stage around 1970-1980’s, an this demonstrat that the major players are in industry for good while what makes them well experiance and determined to achive competetive advantege agaist other top F1 constructors . And this raises the question what can be done to obtain and sustain competitive advantage in such environment? According to the positioning approach business can gain competitive advantage either through cost leadership or product differentiation (Porter, 1979).A cost leadership strategy requires that a business define the source of cost advantage, which allows it to sell its products and services cheaper than rivals. Differentiation strategy on the other hand concentrates mostly on developing the product which will differ from those manufactured by a business’s competitors. within this type of industry sucha s Formula one motorsport there is no aplication for cost leadership stertegy as F1 constructor are focused on winning championships not looking at spending cost alomst at all .Formula one Teams using differentiation strategy which is enebling them to used thier avaiable resources in most innovative and attriactive way to achieve competetive advantege which something proved that this is still not enough to suceeddd in the longer term as all F1 constructors are strongly focus on differrttinagn and constant innovating of their teams agaisnt oders competiotrs .Another singnisicant external factor incluencing sucess of any constructors team are shifts anbd changes in environmnt which can suddenly change the value and importance of particular resoures and this is fundamental to understand and predict this before other to sustain advantege and this is what Williams constructors team has done in mid of 1990s. Williams team presents technological revolution in mid of 1990 by focusing on engerring aspetc which enables them to use many of innovations developed by othe rs teams .During the period 1992-1994 Williams cars won 27 out of 48races and they secured F1 consctrucor title for there years and they won Race championship in 1992 aand 1993 . By both Frank Williams and Patrick Head designs which were even more functional and innovative than this used in competitiors teams ,they makes thier bolides both very fast and reliable. The car development process was always top priority for Mr . Willinams and Patrick Head where importance of drivers took second less important place in their management of competetive advantege .Unfortunately they didnet realised importance of the good test driver role which who could help technicain to define and solve the probllems with the car to developed thier deisgn and set up evnen more effectively . Main a source of competitive advantage for Wiilliam team was thier technical excellence created by William and Head and attention in building relationships with thier engine supplier Renault which was very valuable due t o human and finacnial resources invested into the project.Most importnat for Williams’s team was to gain a constructor leadership, by the development of innovative combination of engine and the car chassis. Thier differentiated strategy which focused on the deelopment process of engine and the boilids become also a base of the sustainable competitive advantage where driver was perceived as less important movable resources as they do not belive putting milions in to driver is nessersary , since the development of outstanding bolide . Frank williams and his ‘masculino' approch unfortunateky was negatively effecting drivers relationships within thier F1 team .Actually Williams team dominance in mid 1990 was also resulted of many other internal and external factors such as innovative development of thier competitors such as ground effect and active suspension developed by Lotus , carbon-composite monocoque developed by McLaren and and semi automatic gearbox developed by Fer rari . Close business relations with Renault and priceless long-lasting relationship between Patrick Head and Frank Williams. Frank strategy was successful only for three season in constructors championship, longer due to series of negative events occurring between 1994 and 1995 .Williams team the best driver Ayrton Senna, died in the tragic accident during a San Marino Grand Prix in Imola in 1194. This accident shekad with whole Formula one industry as A. Senna was the most talented driver in F1. After year In 1995 Renault, decided to start manufacture, the engines as well for Benetton team. Furthermore one of Williams ex designers helped Benetton with car development, in which many technological innovations used by Williams in thier boilids influencing slow process of loosing competetive advantege of their tea . Another External factor which imacpt on fuutere ledarship of williams team was that M.Schumacher joined Benneton team . Thankfully for Williams, Schumacher shortly moved t o less competitive Ferrari, giving Williams team a clear way for gaining their sustain competetive advantege lost. Frank strategy was successful only for three season in constructors championship, longer due to series of negative events occurring between 1994 and 1995 . Williams team the best driver Ayrton Senna, died in the tragic accident during a San Marino Grand Prix in Imola in 1194. This accident shekad with whole Formula one industry as A. Senna was the most talented driver in F1.After year In 1995 Renault, decided to start manufacture, the engines as well for Benetton team. Furthermore one of Williams ex designers helped Benetton with car development, in which many technological innovations used by Williams in thier boilids influencing slow process of loosing competetive advantege of their tea . Another External factor which imacpt on fuutere ledarship of williams team was that M. Schumacher joined Benneton team . Thankfully for Williams, Schumacher shortly moved to less com petitive Ferrari, giving Williams team a clear way for gaining their sustain competetive advantege lost.The critical elements which impact Williams losss of sustainable competitive advantage after mid of 1990 were based of their priority focus on developments of engerering resources to win constructors championship , and laack of startegic management of thier capabilieteis and ability to linked then to each other to achieve superrior performance avoinding crating disadvantege threshold capabilities. I am of the opinion that in some way it created disadvantage for the team. Previously mentions Knowledge based view mentioned confirmed how important or even most important are human resources and the ability to share gathered information. nfortynatek within Williams F1 team this approcha was not really respected especially in relation to the role of the dirver and thier proffesional knowledge that they possesed even if they changed each season . Aityan (2012) described that to expect a high level of loyalty from the employee, the organisation should show similar or even higher level of loyalty to them where in Williams team , Patrics Head together with Franks autocratic leadership style to drivers does not practice that at all and was also blocking flow of valuable information between departments . hats why drivers were leaving after one season (e. g. Mansel, Prost). I i have described Formula one indusrty as closed industry with low probabiolity of new entrants FranK did NOT realised that by this management approch he was disadbventing his team by letting drivers and even engeneires share their knowlded and concepts obtiane in williams team with other competitor teams . According to Pickett (2004) when people leave, their knowledge also does. . Tymon et al. 2010) found that the key predictors of employee’s intention to leave are satisfaction with and pride in the organization and perception of it being socially responsible. Williams’s management to secure their competitive advantage should have a better developed career developemnt program for their key employees where they should be empowerd in decision makin process within the team and and drivers should be respect and not treated as the recruits . The best teamFerrari would not be able to achieve the succes even with this all tangible resources without proper and effective management strtegies allow all this available resources to be linked together and effiently Ferrari apooitned new boos who was twenty five year old, connected to Fiat owners, lawyer Luca di Montezemolo perceived as young and not necessary familiar with the industry surprisingly he appeared to be a perfect fit for the role due to his managerial skills and ability to put the order into day to day operations.At the same time new technical director – Mauro Forghieri and a new leading driver Niki Lauda were appointed. Ferrari constructors team with thier autocratic style and thier respect for the import ance of human resoursec in any developmnets precess proved to crrate and sustain the best source of competetive advatege by linkeages all tangible and in tangible resourses working together in appropiete manner wirh great copoeration of the key members of the team within the team .